CLEAN MANUFACTURING:HIERARCHY OF IMPORTANT CONCEPTS

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HIERARCHY OF IMPORTANT CONCEPTS

To provide a framework for clean manufacturing methods, this section will define important basic concepts. Interestingly, many of the concepts, such as recycling, are defined differently by govern- ment, societal, industrial, and academic entities (Allen and Rosselot 1997). Other terms are used interchangeably; for example, pollution prevention is often defined as source reduction.

In Table 3, sustainable development and industrial ecology top the hierarchy in clean manufac- turing. Industrial ecology is an emerging study that attempts to lessen the environmental impacts of manufacturing activities through planning and design. Industrial ecology is a systems approach to optimizing materials and energy cycles of products and processes (Graedel and Allenby 1995). Meth- ods for clean manufacturing and industrial ecology are described in the next section.

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